It acts through multiple signaling pathways:
- Upregulation of growth factors: VEGF (angiogenesis), EGF and FGF
- Activation of the nitric oxide (NO) pathway, promoting vasodilation and tissue perfusion
- Modulation of dopaminergic and serotonergic systems
- Inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6)
- Stimulation of fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis